Fabric layouts
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Fabric layouts
Yet more stupid questions, sorry in advance.
I have read a lot about the lay-ups that people here are using. I am wondering why the fabrics used are chosen and what styles are used.
For example, do you prefer to use woven over say knit fabrics. Triaxial fabric in 0/60/60 or 0/45/45.
What is your thinking behind these selections.
For example; in the products I have developed I use mostly knit fabrics over woven roving or twill types. My reason is that because knits have no crimp, you get a 25% increase in end properties without costing a dime more per unit of weight.
Care to chime in?
Thanks,
Bloefeld
I have read a lot about the lay-ups that people here are using. I am wondering why the fabrics used are chosen and what styles are used.
For example, do you prefer to use woven over say knit fabrics. Triaxial fabric in 0/60/60 or 0/45/45.
What is your thinking behind these selections.
For example; in the products I have developed I use mostly knit fabrics over woven roving or twill types. My reason is that because knits have no crimp, you get a 25% increase in end properties without costing a dime more per unit of weight.
Care to chime in?
Thanks,
Bloefeld
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- Posts: 2204
- Joined: Tue Mar 07, 2006 8:25 pm
- Location: Kenmore, Wa USA
You'll find 0/45/45 triax is the most commonly used fabric around here. Structures theory would say that in a constant cross-section homogeneous beam, shear stresses are at 45 degrees in twisting. The 0 deg fibers give you the longitudinal stiffness, the 45 deg layers give you torsional stiffness. That's the idea anyways.
Have you seen how K2 does their composites? It's pretty impressive, giant braiding machine wraps fiberglass and carbon fiber completely around the core.
Have you seen how K2 does their composites? It's pretty impressive, giant braiding machine wraps fiberglass and carbon fiber completely around the core.
The majority of us are using either 19 or 22oz stitched triax.
I'm using this http://www.vectorply.com/pdf/etlx1900.pdf.
It's not woven.
Most of us understand weaving leaves voids where warp and weft meet.
Good quality stitched triax 0,-45,+45 gives about the best beam and torsional reinforcement in one layer.
Most of us understand that we could probably get better results with individual layers of fabric.
In my case the extra time is not worth the hassle.
Plus repeatability is a big issue. Being able to use the same glass every time takes it out of the equation when proto-typing.
I'm sure I'm not the only one who will pipe in here.
sam
I'm using this http://www.vectorply.com/pdf/etlx1900.pdf.
It's not woven.
Most of us understand weaving leaves voids where warp and weft meet.
Good quality stitched triax 0,-45,+45 gives about the best beam and torsional reinforcement in one layer.
Most of us understand that we could probably get better results with individual layers of fabric.
In my case the extra time is not worth the hassle.
Plus repeatability is a big issue. Being able to use the same glass every time takes it out of the equation when proto-typing.
I'm sure I'm not the only one who will pipe in here.
sam
You don't even have a legit signature, nothing to reveal who you are and what you do...
Best of luck to you. (uneva)
Best of luck to you. (uneva)
Great response
Sam,sammer wrote:The majority of us are using either 19 or 22oz stitched triax.
I'm using this http://www.vectorply.com/pdf/etlx1900.pdf.
It's not woven.
Most of us understand weaving leaves voids where warp and weft meet.
Good quality stitched triax 0,-45,+45 gives about the best beam and torsional reinforcement in one layer.
Most of us understand that we could probably get better results with individual layers of fabric.
In my case the extra time is not worth the hassle.
Plus repeatability is a big issue. Being able to use the same glass every time takes it out of the equation when proto-typing.
I'm sure I'm not the only one who will pipe in here.
sam
Thanks for the reply. After seeing the braiding it brings to mind the possibility of using braided tube to make the ski. I wonder how you would apply the edges?
http://www.braider.com/
Are a great supplier.
Interestingly we assumed the same as you did when we were designing a road mat product I invented. We paid an engineering firm a wheel-barrow load of cash to prove this right in 4 point beam tests. What we found was odd, the 45/45 bias was weaker than the 0/90.
I think that using fabrics like Vector Ply knits is every bit as good as laying up separate plies. We aren't building F-35's here.
I may be wrong entirely, but I think the big issue in ski performance is the relationship between the torsional resistance (for grip) and flex (for turning dynamics). So I was going to try off balance 0/90 knit. The idea is that the 90 will give torsional stiffness and the 0 will give pretty easy flex.
Because everyone in and out of the industry uses the formula you use, I am probably just freakin' nuts. I am just extending this idea from a design that has zero relationship to skis.
What do you think of this idea?
Cheers,
Bloefeld.
0 degree fibers will give you beam strength but I think 90 is a waste of time.
skis are so narrow and cores so thick that they don't really bend in that direction.
They do however twist that's where the 45 or 60's come into play.
Remember that the widest parts of your ski are the tip and tail.
They have to twist to a certain degree to allow you to slarve a turn.
with just 0/90 you would have no real control over twist.
At least that's my belief.
sam
skis are so narrow and cores so thick that they don't really bend in that direction.
They do however twist that's where the 45 or 60's come into play.
Remember that the widest parts of your ski are the tip and tail.
They have to twist to a certain degree to allow you to slarve a turn.
with just 0/90 you would have no real control over twist.
At least that's my belief.
sam
You don't even have a legit signature, nothing to reveal who you are and what you do...
Best of luck to you. (uneva)
Best of luck to you. (uneva)
Using a braided sleeve around your core has been done a lot in the past.
google "Torsion box"
You would have to make a cap ski though or you'd be cutting out all your benefits with your flash.
sam
google "Torsion box"
You would have to make a cap ski though or you'd be cutting out all your benefits with your flash.
sam
You don't even have a legit signature, nothing to reveal who you are and what you do...
Best of luck to you. (uneva)
Best of luck to you. (uneva)
Torsion Box
Hi Sam,
Dynamic VR17's were wet-wrapped torsion box. I think you just solved my question about edges.
You are probably way to young to have skied on VR17's but they had so much grip on ice it was incredible, the problem was that they were normally so stiff that you had to be a monster to carve them.
Cheers,
Tony
Dynamic VR17's were wet-wrapped torsion box. I think you just solved my question about edges.
You are probably way to young to have skied on VR17's but they had so much grip on ice it was incredible, the problem was that they were normally so stiff that you had to be a monster to carve them.
Cheers,
Tony
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- Location: Kenmore, Wa USA
Re: Great response
As an expert, I'm pretty surprised to hear you say that. 90 deg fibers will give you virtually zero torsional stiffness. At that point any torsional stiffness is coming from the epoxy alone. 90 deg fibers will give you lateral stiffness, which might be useful in something as wide as a snowboard, but on a ski I personally think it's just added weight. Unless I'm missing something, this is what my intuition, and memory from school tells me (I am an aeronautical engineer, but only did a few courses in composites, as my expertise is in the aerodynamics and stability/control area)Bloefeld wrote:The idea is that the 90 will give torsional stiffness and the 0 will give pretty easy flex.
The edges have nothing to do with how you do your composites Still a bit more to learn on general ski construction
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- Posts: 2204
- Joined: Tue Mar 07, 2006 8:25 pm
- Location: Kenmore, Wa USA
Re: Torsion Box
Thanks for the compliment young fellerBloefeld wrote:Hi Sam,
Dynamic VR17's were wet-wrapped torsion box. I think you just solved my question about edges.
You are probably way to young to have skied on VR17's but they had so much grip on ice it was incredible, the problem was that they were normally so stiff that you had to be a monster to carve them.
Cheers,
Tony
My first time on skis was at Mt Norquay 1968.
sam
You don't even have a legit signature, nothing to reveal who you are and what you do...
Best of luck to you. (uneva)
Best of luck to you. (uneva)
Re: Great response
Hi Twizzle,twizzstyle wrote:As an expert, I'm pretty surprised to hear you say that. 90 deg fibers will give you virtually zero torsional stiffness. At that point any torsional stiffness is coming from the epoxy alone. 90 deg fibers will give you lateral stiffness, which might be useful in something as wide as a snowboard, but on a ski I personally think it's just added weight. Unless I'm missing something, this is what my intuition, and memory from school tells me (I am an aeronautical engineer, but only did a few courses in composites, as my expertise is in the aerodynamics and stability/control area)Bloefeld wrote:The idea is that the 90 will give torsional stiffness and the 0 will give pretty easy flex.
The edges have nothing to do with how you do your composites Still a bit more to learn on general ski construction
Sorry but you are not correct on the 90 fibres. They provide all of the torsional stiffness on my road panels. We use nothing but 0/90 knit (96 oz.) We use these panels to float big rig trucks loaded with D-11 Cat's over swamps. They see some torsion and loads higher than those found on essentially any road. We have not yet had a failure.
This of course does not mean I am not wrong in this case. I can certainly see your point and in thinking more about it more consideration has to be given to the relationship between the 0/90. Keep in mind that these materials are anisotropic, vectors of force will travel along the fibre matrix and those vectors are subject to a great deal more control over their properties than more isotropic materials commonly used in aeronautical engineers are more typically familiar with (weird and cool aluminium and other alloys).
You are right about one thing for certain, I have a lot more to learn about making skis, and it is help from giant brains like yours that I hope to learn from.
I guess the idea here is to build some skis and see how they work.
On the edge question I was wondering how one would attach them using braided sleeves instead of lay-up.
Thanks again,
Cheers,
Bloefeld
Re: Torsion Box
Sam,sammer wrote:Thanks for the compliment young fellerBloefeld wrote:Hi Sam,
Dynamic VR17's were wet-wrapped torsion box. I think you just solved my question about edges.
You are probably way to young to have skied on VR17's but they had so much grip on ice it was incredible, the problem was that they were normally so stiff that you had to be a monster to carve them.
Cheers,
Tony
My first time on skis was at Mt Norquay 1968.
sam
Cool, that was my home hill in my last year of racing in 1974. I am now a Calgarian although originally from Edmonton.
I envy you getting to live in Fernie. How's the snow these days. I can see us making some turns in the future. You can tell me how crappy my first skis are in person.
Cheers,
Bloefeld
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- Posts: 2204
- Joined: Tue Mar 07, 2006 8:25 pm
- Location: Kenmore, Wa USA
I would love if you could explain how 90 deg fibers can add any torsional stiffness, because I just don't buy it. There is zero load path for the shear stresses to follow. As you just said, the load is carried along the fibers, and all torsional stress is in shear, no?
?
This is settled by a pretty simple test... layup a simple core with only longitudinal fibers (0 deg), then another with the same longitudinal fibers, but the addition of lateral fibers (90 deg). Twist and see which takes more force. Everything I've always known about composites would tell me it'll be nearly the same (ignoring the additional epoxy, which carries some load of course)
?
This is settled by a pretty simple test... layup a simple core with only longitudinal fibers (0 deg), then another with the same longitudinal fibers, but the addition of lateral fibers (90 deg). Twist and see which takes more force. Everything I've always known about composites would tell me it'll be nearly the same (ignoring the additional epoxy, which carries some load of course)
Who's the old guy
Sam,
I am now in my 50th season. When I first started skiing at Norquay it was still subject to geologic upthrusts.
Weird mountain, it started out steep, then it got sort of flat, then it got steep again. My geologist friend tells me that this is not true, but I know it is.
Sorry to hear that the snow isn't great, but you should be a total snob, why ski the take it or leave it stuff us goofs have to.
Cheers,
Bloefeld
I am now in my 50th season. When I first started skiing at Norquay it was still subject to geologic upthrusts.
Weird mountain, it started out steep, then it got sort of flat, then it got steep again. My geologist friend tells me that this is not true, but I know it is.
Sorry to hear that the snow isn't great, but you should be a total snob, why ski the take it or leave it stuff us goofs have to.
Cheers,
Bloefeld